Cost and Decision-Making Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cost and Decision-Making Analysis - Assignment ExampleThe formula for calculating the contribution margin is as follows Contribution margin= Fixed cost per unit Variable cost per unit. This provides sufficient information to facilitate the calculation of break-even dit in get along sales events dollars. The formula for calculating the break-even point in total sales dollars is as follows B/E point (in total sales dollars) = Fixed Cost ? P/V balance In a multi growth environs the assumption is that the sales mix remains constant (Globusz n.d unf.edu n.d.). The sales mix is referred to as the relative proportion of each intersection point change to the total sales value. This can be expressed in the form of a ratio or in the form of a percentage. The contribution per unit for each product is augurd as follows Contribution = selling price variable cost Cv = SPv VCv = $1.65 $1.25 = $0.40 Cm = SPm VCm = $1.50 - $0.70 = $0.80 Cn = SPn VCn = $0.85 - $0.25 = $0.60 The subscri pts v, m and n relates to secure, Metal and Nylon respectively. Contribution based on the relative weight in the sales mix = Contribution per unit x quantity. Piedmont Fasteners normally produce as total of 700,000 units of clothing fasteners consisting of 100,000 units from Velcro, 200,000 units from Metal and 400,000 units of nylon. Therefore, in this case the ratio is 124 The Weighted contribution (WC) is calculated as follows WCv = $0.40 x (1/7 x 700,000) = $0.40 x 100,000 = $40,000 WCm = $0.80 x (2/7 x 700,000) = $0.80 x 200,000 = $160,000 WCn = $0.60 x (4/7 x 700,000) = $0.60 x 400,000 = $240,000 The quantities represent 1/seventh, 2/7th and 4/7th Sales = units sold (Q) x selling price per unit (SP) Sales = Qv x SPv + Qm x SPm + Qn x SPn Sales = (100,000 x $1.65) + (200,000 x $l.50) + 400,000 x $0.85) = $165,000 + $300,000 + $340,000 = $805,000 The weighted P/V ratio is calculated as follows P/V = ($440,000 ? $805,000) x 100 = .55 = 55% B/E = $400,000 ? .55 = $727,273 The bre akeven total sales in dollars is equal to $727,273 Of this 1/7th would relate to the sale of Velcro, 2/7th to the sale of metal and 4/7th to the sale of nylon. This would be $103,896 from the sale of Velcro $207792 from the sale of metal and $415,585 from the sale of nylon. The weighted average was used because each product has a different selling price and a different variable cost. Additionally, the quantities of these products that are normally sold are also different. Using weights allow for the relative proportions of each product sold to be taken into consideration. Solution to Question 2 Part (a) The break-even point in units for each product can be calculated taking into consideration that certain fixed costs relate to each of these products only small-arm a certain portion relates administration, salaries and rent. Since we do not know the proportion of these we assume that they are equal. The following formula will be used to calculate the break even point in units for th e three types of fasteners. B/E in units = Fixed cost/contribution The fixed cost for each product = specific fixed cost + proportion of common fixed cost The fixed cost for Velcro fasteners = $20,000 + (1/3 x $240,000) = $100,000 The $20,000 relates to the cost that would be avoided if Velcro fasteners are not produced. The fixed cost for Metal fasteners = $80,000 + (1/3 x $240,000) = $160,000 The $80,000 relates to additional cost incurred when metal fasteners are produced The fixed cost for Nylon fasteners = $60,000 + (1/3 x $240,000) = $140,000 The break-even for each type of fastener is as follows B/Ev =

Do Companies Have a Responsibility Not to Destroy the Environment or Should Profits Be Allowed at Any Environmental Cost Essay Example for Free

Do Companies Have a Responsibility Not to Destroy the Environment or Should Profits Be Allowed at Any Environmental Cost EssayWe post debate a change in every organizational activities, as in marketing, for exemplification Mc Donald change their previous red logo, in green one, A new one, for a new eco-system protecting plan. In this research we atomic number 18 pass to see numerous element, which go forth prove that companies have a responsibility to take c atomic number 18 about the environs. In this research, a melting pot of arguments allow for be show, to understand if businesses and factories have to back up or else of adapting their way to work in function of environment and sustainable development. Real fact will divine service to understand the point of view.Firms activities have big environmental impact, its take a major part of naturals resources and reject in the environment. Oil and chemicals industries are non the only companies, which polluted. Every s ingle pissed consumes raw material as water, zilch and others. Its also rejected some substances more or less harmful in the environment. More over the intensive consumption of raw material have big impact on the extinction many species, or animal can become endangered. Deforestation in some country appears because companies want to produce more and more, always more.If firms continue to take resources as now, there will be an exhaustion of raw material as oil and gas. Climate change is partly caused by every reject by firms, in terms of polluting gas, chemical stuff and pollution in the see. As good planet said in their article, a cellulose factory has been closed by the government because they nonice that to much pollution as been providing by this factory. In fact, around this factory the Baikal lac was very pollute. The vice Prime Minister Arkadi Dvokovitch announces that the factory will be close as soon as possible We decided to close the plant cellulose Baikalsk.As the gov ernment said, a care project is winning part in this area of Russia. The fact that firms do not respect the environment can be dangerous in different way. In this case, 1700 bulks became unemployed, because it shutting. race becomes less and less happy because of the different ways of pollution of the country. That is why everyone losing something government loses reputation, to let factories pollute in the country. Firms have to be shutdown because its offense the environment. The reputation is very important for a caller-up it is one of the most important things to maximize wampum.Peoples way to speak about a company makes it stronger, if its have a good reputation. More often companies can have a bad rap When it is important to see what are peoples problems and what are the environmental problems, company are less fascinate. Furthermore, it is usually the bigger business, which pollute the most. It is possible to make profit, and make a maximizing profit not in spit of pollu ting. But head directors prefer giving money to government as fines, instead of polluting less and earn less money.Refers to the case of Pfizer industry, which is one of the biggest pharmaceutical firms from France. As Bschool wrote in an article, Pfizer has the most important record of polluting execute in all categories Pfizer has a bad record on numerous fronts. This big company has been fined many times by authorities, for environmental violations, in terms of air contamination, because rejected lots of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere. After many recommendations by government, Pfizer industry did not take care about it, and pet continued to earned money and maximizing profit.This unconscious act proves that head manager who where at the top of the firm did not think about environmental and social problem, and did not feel concerned by security. According again to Bschool, In 2009, the company became more make minded and aware of what she did, and try to reconsolidate d the globe opinion with an offer to charity In 2009, Pfizer gave more than $60 million to charity, amounting to an astounding 24,2% of its total net net for the year. Thanks to regulation and authority to act in this different case, because we all know that is not the only to act in this way with people and environment.Nowadays, people become more and more involved about the protection of the environment. People, company and government try to find together some alternative to stay on the road in term of ecology. At the begging of the XIX century, the industrial revolution and the economy are based on the absolute search of gain. It is demanding to get back and primary think to the development instead of maximizing profit. Therefore company and government had to make some agreement for sustainable development.For example, jibe to Jonathan Maxwell, SDCLs CEO Reducing demand for energy is potentially the most cost- effective and rational way of minify emissions and improving the security of energy supply. The UK regulator, Ofgem, deep predicted in its first annual Electricity Capacity Assessment that the amount of spare capacity in the system could fall from 14% to 4% in the next 3 years, raising the specter of outages and price rises. This ground-breaking agreement between SDCL, Kingspan and Johnson Controls represents a major step forward towards a scalable and replicable solution, funded through energy savings achieved.This kind of action is present nationally and internationally. Government want to reduce a lot Co2e emissions in the world that is why big action concentrate many countries all around the world. States have to sign a convention, and adopt comportment after that. The majority of restriction are involved by the OMC (World Trade Organization). Refers to the professor Michael Porter, teacher in Harvard Business School, the Porter hypothesis (citation). Supporting his thesis from 1991, the main idea of environmental regulation is to institute programs firms reducing some externalities.Mr. Porter said also if companies are doing it by themselves it is considerably normal that businesss profits, by definition necessarily decrease. So the profit of factory can decrease if companies are adopting new rules for sustainable development. In different case, it is better making profit than take care about the environment and sustainable development. The first of a company is to make profit, and more precisely a maximization of profit. A lot of Head business managers prefer pollute and make profit, rather than adopts rules for ecology, and change the global way of the firm.A survey on the green economy post show that around 34% of executives polled preferred to stay on a good move with their company and prefer see the whole economy of the business on prosperity According to this Survey, 34% of executives polled said that their firms immediate financial goals were of more importance than practicing sustainability. There are lots of problems in changing methods to produce for a company, the focussing of the polluting rubbish, change machine that will be less dangerous for the environment. So that is why manager do not care about nature and public opinion.Even if there are many inconvenient, it is possible to see company which was able to accept this change in term of environment protection. As we see in the introduction, Mc Donald changes many things in the company. For example the logo, to be in coherence with sustainable development, the logo was red and now its green, the environment color. After that, it is not only a picture of a good company, which wants to have a good behavior with environment there are some benefits that Mc Donald can catch benefits. Referring to Bob Langert, who is VP, Corporate social responsibility at Mc Donalds corporation Energy is really our No. issue, he said. When you look at the dollars we spend, and the impact we have on the environment, and the progress we can make to do be tter, and use our size and influence to make a difference, its energy. Bob Langert tell us this information in an interview, in a US TV channel called alternative channel To conclude, we saw different aspect from making profit instead of taking care about the environment. Along this research it is prove that it is better to contribute to sustainable development and be aware of consequences of pollution.Even if it is hard to surrender to earn lots of money and make a maximize profit for business. Help nature and it will reward you. Bibliography * McDonalds Golden Rules for Energy strength and Sustainability sustainable Development and Humanitarian Causes The Alternative Channel Blog. McDonalds Golden Rules for Energy Efficiency and Sustainability Sustainable Development and Humanitarian Causes The Alternative Channel Blog. Web. * The 10 Most Socially Irresponsible Big Brands BSchool. com Business Schools Directory. BSchoolcom Business Schools Directory The 10 Most Socially Ir responsible Big Brands Comments.Web. * Une Usine De Cellulose Qui Pollue Le Lac Baikal Va Fermer. Une Usine De Cellulose Qui Pollue Le Lac Baikal Va Fermer. Web. * Corporations and the Environment. Global Issues. N. p. , n. d. Web. * Sustainable Development Capital LLP. Sustainable Development Capital LLP. Print 2012 * Robert A. G. Monks and Nell Minow, Power and Accountability, 1991 an on-line book, originally written 1991 * Richard Robbins, Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism (Allyn and Bacon, 1999), pp. 233-236 * Resources for the rising RFF. org. Resources for the Future RFF. org. N. p. , n. d. Web

Physics in the Past Essay Example for Free

Physics in the Past EssayOne hundred age ago, in a jerkwater apartment in Bern, Switzerland, Albert encephalon, then just a 26-year-old patent office clerk still working part-time towards his PhD, published five ground rift scientific papers. Each of these papers, written during Einsteins annus mirabilis , has become a classic in the history of science On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the takings and Transformation of inflammation , which discusses optical photons and photoelectric effects. Molecular and New Measurement , which deduces the mathematical equation for calculating the speed of the diffusion of molecules. On the Motion of midget Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat , which provides proof for the existence of atoms. Does the Inertia of a Body Depend upon its Internal Energy, which proposes the root for two- management transformation surrounded by mass and cleverness according to the special opening of theory of relativity. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies , which proposes a crude theory on the kindred between time and space. This paper served as the foundation for the theory of relativity.The contemporary physical science rotation, based on the theory of relativity and quantum theory, has guide science into a recent era. Starting from this, human exploration has extended to the boundless innovation, to the distant origin of the cosmos and to the microscopic structure of objects previously unknown to mankind. Contemporary physics revolution has also spurred revolution in life sciences and geosciences in the last years. All these necessitate changed mankinds outlook on matter, time, space, life and the worldly concern.Moreover, this contemporary physics revolution has also given return to technological physics including nuclear power, semiconductors, laser, new materials such as with superconductivity, and fostered rapid teaching of a wide range of new technologi es that have changed the methods of our industrial production and our ways of life while bringing the world to the new familiarity economics era. Fo lows of contemporary physics, Einstein the most peachy among them, ar undoubtedly epoch figures in the history of science and the history of mankind.It is therefore both of significance and importance for us to commemorate them in our reflections on the development of physics in the last one hundred years not just to express our gratitude but to draw inspiration from their achievements and build on their legacy to create a better future for all humankind. 1. The inconsistency between experiments and theories gave birth to new science concepts At the end of the 19 th century, people were still intoxicated with the interpretations given by classical physics. Some even held that there was not much more to do in physics.It was under such a separate that the discovery of nearly physical phenomena revealed the limitations of interpretati ons given by classical physics. High-temperature measurement technology, called for by the rapid development of the metallurgical industry, led to explore in thermal shaft. In the mid 19 th century, Germany emerged as the birthplace for research in this bailiwick. Thermal radiation refers to the electromagnetic flourishs emitted by matter when heated and largely depends on the temperature of the matter itself. muckwells electromagnetic field theory regards light as an electromagnetic phenomenon.Although this rationalises the propagation of light, it does not explain the firing and reception of thermal radiation. G. R. Kirchhoff (18241887) advanced to use black consistence as an ideal body for research on thermal radiation (1859). W. Wien (1864-1928) confirmed that it is practical to regard the thermal radiation performance of a pored cavity as a black body (1896). A series of experiments demonstrated that the density of the energy emitted by such black body is related to it s temperature and not to its shape or materials.Theoretical explanation of the energy spectrum curve of a black body became an essential issue in research on thermal radiation at the time. Based on the public principle of thermal mechanics and some special assumptions, Wien developed a formula to determine the energy density associated with particular wavelengths for any given temperature of a radiating black body (1896). Max table joined research on heat radiation during the same item. To explain the energy distribution curve of the radiated light spectrum of a black body, Plank developed a formula.It was not until 1900 that scientists proved the veracity of the formula through experimentation. Plancks formula requires that the energy emitted or absorbed by black body is the energy quanta that determine its amount. This implies that energy, like a matter, has the properties of particles, i. e. , energy also has separability and discreteness. In 1905, Einstein extended the concept of quanta to the propagation of light and proposed the light quantum theory, successfully using it to explain photoelectric effect.In 1913, the Danish physicist N.Bohr (1885 1962) extended the concept of quanta to atoms, and established a quantum structural model for atoms based on the discreteness opening of the energy state of atoms. Dissatisfied with the lack of self- sufficiency of Bohrs atom theory, the German physicist Werner Karl Heisenberg (19011976) developed matrix mechanics in 1925 by starting directly from a priori data on the frequency and intensity of spectrum of visible light. The following year, the Austrian physicist E. Schr? dinger (18921961) improved the wave-particle duality matter wave theory of L. V. de Broglie (18921994), leading to wave mechanics.Subsequent research proved the mathematical equivalence of both matrix mechanics and wave mechanics. The American physicist R. P. Feynman (1918 1988) later developed the third equivalent path integral quantum me chanics. It is until this period of time that quantum theory was established to its robust architecture. The thermal radiation hypothesis became the logical starting point for the birth of quantum theory. The quantum of energy concept was developed in 1900. As a result of its development and extended application, quantum mechanics, which describes the motion of subatomic particles, took form in the 1920s.The combination of quantum mechanics with the special theory of relativity gave birth to quantum field theory, which describes the generation and annihilation of subatomic particles. Development of quantum field theory has experienced three stages classical quantum field theory (symmetrical), standard quantum field theory (non-symmetrical) and super-symmetrical quantum field theory. It has not only revealed the secrets of the subatomic world invisible to the naked eye, but deepened our understanding of the evolution of the universe and revolutionized the way people perceive the worl d.Quantum field theory, moreover, has set the stage for a series of key technological breakthroughs. It has been demonstrated from the experimental research on a black body radiation to the betterment of the quantum theory that science is, after all, still a positivistic companionship system. That is, as long as a theory is not consistent with mingy experimental results, a scientist has all the reasons to doubt the theory itself no matter how authoritative the theory it may be, no matter how many people have upheld it, and no matter how many years it has been embraced.At the same time, we should understand that the ultimate results of scientific research should give theoretical interpretation of natural phenomena discover while this requires not only rigorous and scientific attitude and rational challenging spirit, but also profound thinking ability and deliberate abridgment ability and theoretical reasoning ability. 2. Key breakthroughs in science hinge upon distillation of sc ientific research questions The theory of relativity advanced by Albert Einstein (1879 1955) is a brand new outlook on space and time. The key scientific question for the theory of relativity lies in coincident relativity.The theory of relativity has given justified interpretations about the relationship between time and space, the relationship between space and distribution of matters, and the relationship between matters and energy. In the process, it transformed the knowledge system of classical physics dating back to Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727). The theory of relativity, together with quantum theory, not only formed the foundation for development of physics in the 20 th century but also raised our understanding of the nature to an entirely new level, thus having a profound effect on the way of thinking and perceptions of the world.The founding of the theory of relativity originated from the crisis of Ether, a hypothesized carrier for electromagnetic waves. The experiment repor t On the Relative Motion between the Earth and Light Ether published by the American physicist A. A. Michelson (18521931), revealed that the theory of relativity, which is universally correct in the reference to Newtonian mechanics, is incorrect in Maxwells electromagnetic field theory. some(prenominal) the Dutch physicist H. A. Lorentz (18531928) and the French physicist J. H. Poincare (18541912) attempted to solve this contradiction by maintaining the Ether hypothesis.Lorentz proved that the earth system and Ether follow the same law at the first-order approximation by incorporating length contraction (1892), regional time (1895) and a new conversion relationship (1904) while the relativity principle developed by Poincare and the conversion group (1905) developed by Lorentz emphasized the universal validity of the relativity principle. Although both deviated from the framework of classical physics lay at the room access to the theory of relativity,but it was left to Albert Einst ein to turn the key and push the door open.Einstein believed that the electromagnetic field had an independent physical existence and held the Ether hypothesis to be superfluous. His most important contribution may reside inside in the fact that he raised the critical scientific problem of simultaneous relativity. In On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies (1905), Einstein claimed that two events happening simultaneously in the same location do not depend on the observations of the observers yet two events happening simultaneously at two different locations do depend on their observations.It would be meaningful only if it is indicated clearly that the events are relative to which observer. We could hardly observe such relativity of simultaneity in our daily lives because this can be discovered only when the speed of an observer is blind drunk to the speed of light. Starting from the simultaneity of relativity concept, Einstein deducted the main conclusions for the theory of special relativity through two principles constancy of the speed of light and relativity.The ecumenic theory of relativity (1915) and the unified field theory are further developments of the theory of special relativity. Through his trilogy research on the theory of relativity, Einstein revealed to his physics colleagues his extraordinary creativity in scientific thinking. 3. Scientific imagination requires the support of rigorous experimental evidence In the year following the publication of his general theory, Einstein publishedObservations Made on Cosmology Based on the General Theory of Relativity (1917), which marked the birth of modern cosmology.Although Einsteins cosmological model followed the dormant Newtonian view on the universe, its field theory lays the groundwork for the existence of dynamic solutions to cosmology. The Dutch astronomer W. de Sitter (1878-1933), the Russian mathematician A. Friedmann(1888-1925) and the Belgian physicist G. Lemaitre(18941966) published the ex panding universe theory in 1917, 1922 and 1927, respectively. The red shift effect observed by the American astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) offered strong support for the expanding universe theory.Drawing on the expanding universe theory, the Russian American physicist G. Gamov (19041968), formulated the idea of a hot explosion of matter and energy at the time of the origin of the universe by incorporating knowledge in nuclear physics. His student R. A. Alpher(1921-) and others further derived in 1948, that the voluminous bang explosion took place about 15 billion to 20 billion years ago and hypothesized that remains from the big bang explosion may still be circulating in the universe, presenting 5K cosmological background radiation.In 1964, two American radio engineers, A.A. Penzias (1933-) and R. W. Wilson (1936-), discovered evenly distributed isotropic cosmic microwave background radiation while tracing the source of radio noise that was interfering with the development of a communications program involving satellites. This microwave radiation is coincidentally equivalent to 3. 5K blackbody radiation. This discovery is regarded as a confirmation of the cosmic background radiation as a result of the big bang explosion. The latter years witnessed the rise of the big bang theory, which developed as the standard model for cosmology.In the early of 20 th century, Einstein listed the origin of a geomagnetic field as one of the five major challenges in physics. However, not until the 1960s, after the seismic wave method confirmed the layered structure of the earth, did scientists devise the self-exciting dynamo hypothesis, the full scientific endorsement of which awaited evidence from differential core-mantle movement obtained in 1995. change magnitude knowledge on the inner structure of the unharmed earth mainly relies on the seismic wave method.The concept of layered structure of the earth has little by little formed through analysis of variation of the seismic wave passing through the inner structure of the earth. The Croatian geophysicist, A. Mohorovi? ie (18571936), discovered the interface between the earths impudence and mantle (1909) The German-American seismologist, B. Gutenberg (18891960), discovered the interface between the earths mantle and the core (1914) and the Dutch seismologist I. Lehmann discovered the interface between the earths liquid outer and solid inner core (1914).The New Zealander physicist K. E. Bullen proposed the layered model of the earth (1940). The differential core-mantle revolving movement, a hypothesis designed to explain the origin of the geomagnetic field, was later used as a mechanism to explain the inversion of the polarity of geomagnetism. However, no direct scientific evidence had been found. Based on their analysis of recorded data for 38 earthquakes, which took place between 1967 to 1995 near the Sandwich Islands close to the South Pole in South America, Dawn (Xiaodong) Song and Paul G.Ri chards, Columbia University, in US, thrifty the speed of seismic wave transmitted from the earths inner core to a seismographic station in Alaska near the North Pole.They found that the time it took seismic wave to travel from the South Pole to the North Pole had been reduced by 0. 3 seconds over the previous years. This confirms that the earths inner core is revolving slightly faster than its crust and the mantleindeed the earths inner core will turn one extra circle in about 300 to 400 years. Dr.Su Weijia, another Chinese scholar residing in the US, and Dziewonski, an American seismologist, reached a similar conclusion based on analyses of seismic data from about 2000 seismographic stations around the globe. Based on their computation, the revolving speed of the earths inner core is even faster, 20 30 degrees just over the timeframe 1969 to 1973. It can be seen from the propositions and improvement of the theory of relativity by Einstein, the big bang theory and the geomagnetic theory that while it is important to solve problems in development of science, it seems even more important to raise key questions in science. peak questions is the prelude to scientific research. More importantly, raising key questions reveals the creativity associated with science. Sometimes a key question in science leads to new fields and new research directions. To ask the right questions, one must have a through understanding of existing knowledge, a love for truth that transcends respect for authority, and beautiful observational skills and creative thinking. At the same time, one must be rational bold and confident.

A Quest for Selfhood Essay Example for Free

A Quest for Selfhood EssayIn The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave, Frederick Douglass effectively describes his escapes from slaveholders done his intellectual literacy. In virtue of his experience as an enslaved man, Douglass writes about the abuse he suffers for being African American. He writes his narrative for the general public including slaves, to show the slaveholders wrongdoings. Douglass portrays the demeaning discourse of slaves to express inhumane conditions, which they face repeatedly. finishedout the novel Douglass is able-bodied to persuade his readers that slavery is cruel and an immoral act, through the use of visual imagery, situational irony, and formal diction. Through the use of visual imagery, Douglass is able to persuade the public that the physical scars from slave have dehumanizing effects by describing brutality, and human degradation.On one of Douglasss commencement accounts, he describes his mothers death by stating I was not allowed to be present during her illness, at her death, or burial (Page 18). This incident relates to pathos because it reveals Douglasss lack of interaction with his mother and the isolation he endures in the early stages of his life, which emotionally draws the reader into realizing the psychological afflictions of slavery. As well as his mothers passing, Douglass utilizes visual imagery to account for the last days of his frail grandmother If my poor old grandmother now lives, she lives to suffer in utter lonesomeness she lives to remember and mourn over the loss of children (Page 56). Douglass exposes how little sympathy slaveholders possess towards slaves. Visual imagery of this incident persuades the reader of slaverys savagery because it is pull ahead that Douglass is kept away from the people whom he loves, and is forced to feel nothing but sorrow.Due to the restrictions from slavery, Douglass copes with his aches by describing clear details of the worst days of h is life. Likewise, Douglass presents the pitiless treatment of slaves through the use of situational irony. A representation of this is shown within old Barney and young Barney-father and son. He says They were frequently whipped when least deserving, and escaped whipping when most deserving it (Page 30). Douglass explains that living in a constant state of fear, the boys are neer safe from severe punishment regardless of doing everything theyre told. Douglass also uses logos to convince the public that slaveholders are not capable of managing others because they dont have moral sense. Additionally, Douglass decorates another situational paradox when he fights back against Mr. Covey From this time I was never again what might be called fairly whipped, though I remained a slave four years afterwards. I had several fights, but was never whipped (Page 75).Douglasss fierce determination for freedom results in respect from his slaveholder, which is unbelievable and contradictory to s lavery overall. Because of the situational irony from the events prior, Douglass is able to express how irresponsible slaveholders are to be manipulating slaves. Furthermore, formal diction is most prominent is Douglasss narrative because it describes most of the details. Despite his restrictions, Douglasss strong desire for education allows for gains in his knowledge, to which is distinct through his writing skills. Douglasss intellectual literacy not only distresses the general public towards slavery, but mesmerizes them to conceive the idea on how he made it out alive. A prime example of formal diction is shown when describing Mr. Austin Gore Mr. Hopkins was succeeded by Mr. Austin Gore, a man possessing, in an eminent degree, all those traits of character inherent (Page 33)He claims that the first-rate overseer, Mr. Gore is superior and honored because of his highly callous acts. Thus, Douglass is able to address a highly educated audience such as the readers of this academic n arrative. He then adds, Going to live at Baltimore laid the foundation, and opened the gateway, to all my subsequent prosperity (Page 41). In other words, Douglass desperately wishes for freedom, and is able to fulfill his fortune at Baltimore. Formal diction allows Douglass to put his argent vocabulary to use. Although Frederick Douglass was an enslaved man, he teaches himself to read and write.He uses his intellectual gains of writing as a way to portray his brutal life, and explains the struggles he goes through to now being Americas role as the most famous African American slave. Throughout the narrative, he uses rhetorical devices to personify the thoughts that go through his mind as a slave. He also uses figurative language to vividly illustrate the hardshipsof being African American with the use of visual imagery, situational irony, and formal diction. These devices also make the tortures of being a slave more understandable and easy to comprehend. His eloquent literacy conti nues to be relevant in both history and the modern world today.

Spider-man

Spider- gaySpider-Man is a fictional Marvel Comics superhero. The character was created by writer and editor Stan Lee and creative person and co-plotter Steve Ditko. He first appeared in Amazing Fantasy 15 (Aug. 1962). Lee and Ditko conceived of the character as an orphan being raised by his Aunt may and Uncle Ben as an ordinary teenager, having to deal with the normal struggles of youth in addition to those of a costumed crime fighter. Spider-Mans creators gave him super strength and agility, the ability to cling to just about surfaces, shoot spider-webs using devices of his own invention which he called web-shooters, and react to danger quickly with his spider-sense, enabling him to combat his foes.When Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s, teenagers in superhero funny books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist. The Spider-Man series broke ground by featuring Peter Parker, a teenage game school student to whose self-obsessions with rejectio n, inadequacy, and loneliness unripened readers could easily relate.1210 Unlike previous teen heroes such as James Buchanan Bucky Barnes and Robin, Spider-Man did not benefit from being the protege of any adult mentors like Captain the States and Batman, and thus he had to learn for himself that with great power comes great responsibility a line included in a text box in the final panel of the first Spider-Man story, simply later retroactively attributed to his guardian, the late Uncle Ben.Marvel has have Spider-Man in several comic book series, the first and longest-lasting of which is call The Amazing Spider-Man. Over the years, the Peter Parker character has developed from shy high school student to troubled but outgoing college student to married high school teacher to, in the late 2000s, a single freelance photographer, his most typical adult role. He is now a member of an unauthorized splinter group of the Avengers, one of Marvels flagship superhero teams. In the comics, Spider-Man is often referred to as Spidey, web-slinger, wall-crawler, or web-head.Spider-Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes. As Marvels flagship character and conjunction mascot, he has appeared in many forms of media, including several animated and live-action television shows, syndicated newspaper comic strips and a successful series of films starring actor Tobey Maguire as the congenial neighborhood hero. Spider-Man was named Empire magazines fifth-greatest comic-book character.2Spider-Man has been adapted to television many times, as a short-lived live-action television series, a Nipponese tokusatsu series, and several animated cartoon series. t contacther were also the Spidey Super Stories segments on the PBS educational series The Electric Company, which featured a Spider-Man (played by Danny Seagren) who did not speak out loud but instead used only word balloons.Spider-Mans first cartoon series ran from 1967-1970. It became known famous for its catchy theme song, which begins, Spider-Man, Spider-Man, does whatever a spider commodeFrom 1978-1979, Nicholas Hammond starred as Peter Parker in the live-action television series The Amazing Spider-Man.Two Spider-Man cartoons aired on television in 1981 the syndicated series Spider-Man which ran for one cardinal episode season, and the more popular Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which aired on the NBC network for three seasons (ultimately totaling twenty-four episodes).hand appears shooting a web to save a citizen in the Third season X-Men Episode Phoenix Saga 5 Child Of Light, This episode aired just months before The web-swingers longest-running show, Spider-Man, which ran five seasons from 1994-1998, totaling 65 episodes, on throw Broadcastings afterwardsnoon programming block, Fox Kids (in this series, Spider-Man was utter by Christopher Daniel Barnes in the English version, and by Toshiyuki Morikawa in the Japanese dub, who later played Venom in the Japanese dub of Spider-Man 3). That series continued as Spider-Man Unlimited the following year.A small reference is made to Spider-Man in the X-Men Evolution episode On ideals Wings, when Angel is seen reading the Daily Bugle, the place Spider-Man/Peter Parker usually works.In 2003, MTV aired a 13-episode Spider-Man CGI series found loosely on the film continuity, Spider-Man The New animated Series, developed by Mainframe Entertainment.Peter Parker made a cameo in the Fantastic Four Worlds Greatest Heroes episode Frightful. Johnny Storm hires him to make him wager good it, no one let him state what his name was so Johnny Storm refers to him as photographer guy. Johnny Storm also say he was freelance.A new series, The Spectacular Spider-Man, premiered on March 8, 2008. In its first season it received critical acclaim and rocketed to the top of the ratings. Spider-Man/Peter Parker is voiced by Josh Keaton.* The original Spider-Man cartoon theme song has been covered and reinterpreted by numerous musical acts, including The Mr. T Experience, Ramones, Aerosmith, Michael Bubl, Moxy Frvous and Tenacious D. The 2002 and 2004 movies have featured buskers performing the song Jayce Bartok and Elyse Dinh respectively.* In 1972, Buddah Records released Spider-Man From Beyond The Grave, a rock musical story LP record with an included wordless comic strip for listeners to follow. Kingpin appears as the villain and Doctor Strange guest stars.* In 1975 Ramsey Lewis released a single titled Whats the Name of this Funk? (Spider Man) sic.14* In 1975 Marvel Comics and Lifesong Records released an record album entitled, Spider-Man Rock Reflections of a Superhero. It contained songs of various styles altered to elucidate certain moments and feelings of Spider-Mans origin, such as No Ones Got a Crush on Peter and Peter Stays and the Spider-Man Goes interspersed with narration clips by Stan Lee.* In 1979, German singer Peter Griffin had his first hit with a song called Spiderman.* In 1983, Muse Records released Woody Shaws jazz version of Spider-Man Blues, based on the television theme, on Shaws Setting Standards album.* In 1992, the Italian rock band 883 made it onto the European charts with a song called Hanno ucciso luomo ragno (They Killed Spider-Man) from an album of the same name, describing how after the death of the superhero, the streets are being overrun by gangs of stressed accountants in double-breasted suits.15* In the 1993 Wu-Tang Clan song Protect Ya Neck, Inspectah Deck raps the lyric Swingin by dint of your town like your neighborhood Spider-Man in his verse.* In 1994, Joe Perry of Aerosmith wrote and performed the theme song for the Fox Kids Spider-Man The Animated Series. He is a noted fan of Spider-Man.* In 1998 Michale sculpture wrote the song Spider-Man (aka The Spider-Man Song aka Spider-Man Save Me) while still in The Misfits. It is yet to be officially released, although he has played this song live in every(prenominal) band hes playe d in since. On his 2006 solo release, Return to Earth, Michale again mentions Spider-Man in the song Butchershop.* The 2003 Weird Al Yankovic album Poodle Hat has a track entitled Ode to a Superhero. It is a parody of the Billy Joel song Piano Man, and recounts the events of the 2002 film.* In 2004 Nelly performed a song called Spida Man, on his double album travail/Suit.* A soundtrack album and score was released with each of the two Spider-Man films. The two soundtracks were mainly songs thematically linked to the film, performed by popular rock acts. Both soundtracks included hit singles (notably Hero by Chad Kroeger and Josey Scott, Bother by Corey Taylor (of Stone Sour and Slipknot), and Vindicated by Dashboard Confessional. The two scores were composed by Danny Elfman.* For the bet on Spiderman film, Michael Bubl recorded a big band version of the Spider-Man theme.* Danish pop group, Aqua, mention Spider-Man in the chorus of their single, Cartoon Heroes.* In his 2005 album, Lost and Found, Will metalworker uses the theme music from the 1960s Spider-Man cartoon series in his song Here he Comes. This song was produced by DJ Jazzy Jeff.* In their 2005 album Animetal Marathon VII, Japanese heavy metal band Animetal cover the opening of the 1970s tokusatsu adaptation.* In his 2006 album, Kingdom Come, Jay-Z raps Peter Parker Spider-Man, all I do is bestride the charts.* J-pop singer DJ Ozma heavily dedicates Spider-Man in his 2007 single Spiderman. The music video for song features a club full of dancers wearing black Spider-Man masks and a man dressed in a white Spider-Man suit.* There is an underground song called Crank Dat Spiderman. In this song Spider-Man is a sexual action in which the male ejaculates in his hand and throws it into the females face like Spider-Mans web.* The British indie pop band Los Campesinos mention Spider-Man in their song entitled Broken Heartbeats sound Like Breakbeats.* On the song Candy Land from Insane Clown Posse Member V iolent Js album The Shining rapper Esham references Spider-Man.

The Background Information Of Malaysia Airlines Marketing Essay

The Background Information Of Malaysia ship hunts Marketing EssayMalaysian Airlines System Berhad (MAS) is the h disuseding comp some(prenominal) for Malaysias national skyway carrier, one of Asias fastest growing bloodlineway businesss. Through several(prenominal) other subsidiaries, the company manufactures aircraft parts, offers trucking and cargo transportation go, caters food, provides laundry and dry-cleaning services for airlines and other industrial institutions, and oversees a start durationncy. Company Chairman Tajudin Ramli owns a signifi burnistert sh ar in Malaysian Airlines System (MAS), and the Malaysian disposal retains a quick voice in MAS affairs.In the premium securities industry segment, MAS is under tremendous pressure from full service carriers (FSCs) who ar striding ahead with first class products, new and modern aircraft, and fast-expanding routes. On the other hand, in the price driven grocery store segment, MAS is also strongly pushed by mis fortunate cost carriers (LCCs) with low come ons. In a nutshell, MAS must reinvent itself to fend off competition from FSCs and LCCs. MAS aspires to become the Worlds Five Star Value Carrier. MAS believe that they prepare to reinvent themselves to achieve this vision.CUsersmicDown dilutesmas.jpg3.0 Situation Analysis3.1 oecumenic Environment AnalysisDemographic segmentThe demographic segment is about the race size, time structure, geographic distribution, ethnic mix and income distribution. Malaysia is a multiracial sylvan and its population comprises of 28.6 million of people. The government aims for increasing the national population to seventy million by the year 2100. at that place is 63.8 percent of the population lives in urban area while only 36.2 percent of population love in rural area.The passenger load factor (PLF) of an airline, is a measure of how much of an airlines passenger conducting capacity is used. It is passenger-kilometersflown as a percentage ofavaila ble. The PLF of Malaysia is 67.8, 60.7 for Asia, 74.9 for Europe and Middle East, 73.6 for Australia and New Zealand, 72.6 for Africa and South America, 60.6 for Orient and North America.Besides, Malaysia is recently foundationduce a new insurance policy which with the purpose of making the Malaysia to become the high income nation. This significant policy had show the increase of Malaysian income in the future time.Sociocultural departmentThe labor deplumate in Malaysia has been increased from year 2003 to year 2010. It reached a capacity of 11.38 million of people in the year 2010. http//www.indexmundi.com/malaysia/labor_force.html. It is put that the youths who are in amongst of the age of 15 to 34 basically make up the largest labour force in Malaysia. They are makeup of 42.5% of the total population, roughly 9.75 million of people. http//www.mtuc.org.my/young_workers.htm. It is also found that the women in the workforce begin increased. This is referable to the reason t hat a lot of countries have endorsed legislation such as Equal Opport unit of measurementy for Women in the piece of work consummation to protect the women in the workforce. Besides, there are many reasons to explain why the women have increased in the workforce. For subject, women are to a greater extent educated and more skilled. http//www.st browsegic-human-resource.com/women-in-the-workplace.html.There are various type of airline careers offer in the airline industry, such as pilot, captain, copilot, second officer or fledge engineer, flight attendant, flight dispatcher, and meteorologist. Airline industry employs those people with highly diversified skills regardless of the sex. It is proved that the flight attendants alike the stewardess or steward symbolize the major job sector in the airline industry. For instance, there are nearly 80000 flight attendants in United States airline industry. http//www.targetwoman.com/articles/airline-careers.htmlHowever, it is found that the age discrimination cases have been happened in the United States airlines. According to the pilots required retirement policy such as Age 60 Rule, pilots are forced to retire at age 60. This is because the airline industry believed that the pilots are non able to perform the job well at the age of 60. They believed that the pilots are place the airline company and the passengers in danger if they are permit to fly. http//www.targetwoman.com/articles/airline-careers.htmlGlobal discussion sectionAirlines have take partd in globalization and consolidation. They link their network through the establishment of alliances and partnerships to expand the access to their customers. For example, the adult male aviation market is shared between the global alliances such as KLM or North West, Atlantic Excellence alliance, STAR, and British Airways or American Airlines alliance. http//adg.stanford.edu/aa241/intro/airlineindustry.htmlThe airlines industry has targeted close to relevant ne w long term global market in order to expand their services such as Asia peaceful and China, South Asia, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania (Australasia). It is believed that most of the airlines keep the new global market in Asia Pacific and China. This is due to reason that China has grown chop-chop and the urbanization of China had caused it became the dynamic aviation markets. The urban population has been increased from 302 million in year 1990 to 622 million in years 2009. It is expected the population impart come up to one billion by year 2025. Besides, the domestic passenger traffic is projected to grow on an average rate of 7.9% in China. Boeing, as the Chinas leading provider of passenger airplanes, predicts that about 71% of the demand in China is the single-aisle airplanes with the full deliveries of 3090. http//www.globalintelligence.com/insights-analysis/asia-news-update/asia-news-update-november-19-2010/malaysia-malaysian-airline-eyes-indian-chinese-mar/ht tp//www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/china.htmlPhysical Environment SegmentThe great majority of the airlines have developed their own comprehensive programmed to reduce the environmental footprint and expose a more environmentally product. Based on the research, the members of alliance in the airline industry have enhance the arouse efficiency of the aircraft and create not as much of greenhouse gases like the old aircraft and are quiet downer. Basically, there are some international industry bodies like IATA (the International Air Transport Association), Association of European Airlines, the Association of Asia Pacific Airlines, the USAs Air Transport and others are fully support the environmental activities.Based on the global perspective, there is fewer than 2 percent of the worlds total carbon dioxide which produce by the airline industry being released. The passenger aircraft nowadays are more environmentally friendly as it is 70 percent more fuel efficient than 40 years ago. For example, Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner are more fuel efficient aircraft. In addition, the noise footprint which produces by the aircraft is naturally 50% more quiet than those aircraft in ten years ago. According to IATA, airlines are planning to improve the fuel efficiency of the aircraft and carbon dioxide emissions in another 25 percent more. It is also plan that in the coming year 2025, the fuel efficiency of the aircraft give be improved in another 30 percent.http//es.oneworld.com/enes/ow/news-and-information/fact-sheets/fact-sheet?objectID=35tempURLParam=http//www.travelgreen.org/industry_landing2.htm?select_industry2_id=33Technological SegmentThere are many airlines currently using proprietary check in systems which will convert all its check-counter to the ARINCs MUSE common-use system. City Airport, Logis Travel (CALT) can make better use of its available counter space because it will help to provide a convenient in town check in. The melioration of the check in counters at CALT is economically feasible. In addition, many of the airlines involved al take aimy have experience with ARINCs MUSE technology at Incheon and Gimpo. They will be able to make the transition at CALT with little extra cost.http//www.arinc.com/news/2010/10-07-10-vmuse-seoul.htmlBesides, technology also can be used to enhance customer relations. It will help to create convenience for consumers. The industry can offer travelers a web interface customized to a specific type of travel. The web interface can direct the customer to services with the desire benefits but cost a little more. Other than that, the automated check in machines is available in some airlines. Travelers can swipe a credit card through the automated check in machines as identification and print out their tickets instead of checking in with airport staff. The new technology also helps airlines to track lost luggage. There are Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems which will help to enhance ai rcraft unit loading devices and help boost security.http//gulfnews.com/business/aviation/new-technology-helps-airlines-track-lost-luggage-1.703356Economic SegmentA low cost airline generally has many features that differentiate it from the tralatitious carriers. These features include ticketless travel, online ticket sales, no international offices, no frequent flyer points, no free food and beverages, no in-flight magazines, no club lounges and use of subsidiary city airports. In the early economic regulation of airlines, the government is concerned more on their participation in the airmail system. The Air Mail Act of 1925 allowed the U.S. government to pay airlines for carrying the mails.http//www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Government_Role/Econ_Reg/POL16.htmBesides that, Air Asia was re-launched in Malaysia as a low fare and low cost domestic airline. Air Asia is promoting low fare of Indonesia Malaysia trip which will help it to open the Indonesia market. It will help Air As ia to rise up the economic growth. Air Asia also provides its services between metropolis of capital of Singapore and Bangkok by introducing a 2nd daily flight to its existing schedule. Air Asia is offering its guests promotional fares to/from Singapore-Bangkok which is much lower than the lowest fare SGD$56 offered by full service carrier. It will help Air Asia to open the Singapore market.Political / Legal SegmentAirlines political action commissioning is a huge donor when compared it with those big companies in other industries. For example, Singapore Airline is currently facing or might face political strategies in near future. SIA could face problems of come in the new markets like China and increase market share in existing network. It is because many airlines are still government owned and much of the trade in aviation services is still controlled by governments. Besides that, Thai Air Asia is a joint venture which is accomplished by Air Asia with the Shin Corp. Shin Corp is owned by the family of Thailands Prime Minister, Thaksin Shinawatra. There are about 900 million baht will be invested in Thai Air Asia over a five-year period. Shin Corp oversees the finance and administration of Thai Air Asia while Air Asia shoulders the responsibility for selling and operations. Shin Corp has pecuniary strength which will help to support Air Asia to grow. Therefore, Air Asia with its politically powerful may well grow up to bite. (function() var scribd = document.createElement(script) scribd.type = text/javascript scribd.async = true scribd.src = https//www.scribd.com/javascripts/embed_code/inject.js var s = document.getElementsByTagName(script)0 s.parentNode.insertBefore(scribd, s) )() 3.2 Porters Five Forces AnalysisThreat of new entrantsAs justify form the environment, any new company or organization to entering this airline industry is not easy due to the several kinds of entry barriers may discourage competitors from entering a market. The level of barriers to entry depends on the customer loyalty. For example, customers from Malaysia Airlines who is significant in brand loyalty will go out the high switching costs towards other airline company. Exception for the price sensitive customers, they may prefer cheaper price flight tickets. Besides, capital requirements for a new company to start up the airline business are huge. New entrant or infant company has to spend a large capital to compete with existing airlines due to the function of participate in economies of scale. The cost of setting up of offices, buying or leasing aircraft, hiring pilots and others staffs like air stewardess is a fix cost which create a high barrier for the new entrants. Infant firm or industry require a long time period to significant their products or services speciality, such as Full Service Carriers (FSC) in Malaysia Airline. Through government policy, governments can also control new firm to participant in airline industry. Gove rnment high level of protection towards the major airline may leave behind many new firm unable to meet the requirements and regulations and enter the industry. Thus, nemesis of entry towards the airline industry is high.Bargaining power of providersPower of suppliers is important as it will directly affect the industry. In airline industry, the power of supplier is moderate result from there are only two major supplier which are Airbus and Boeing so most of the firm like Malaysia Airline (MAS), Singapore Airline (SIA) and others need to buy the aircrafts from them. The satisfactory substitute products are low make the larger of power in suppliers. In addition, industry firms are not a significant customer for supplier group. The suppliers good is important to the MAS in order to obtain a success in market place.Power of buyersBuyers are one of the factors which will impact to industry. Nowadays, price sensitive customers are increase directly. On the other hand, number of custome rs who is concern the services differentiation is rise and result low cost oriented and full service carrier oriented. Customers barter for the only small portion of the industrys output and do not large participate in the company annual sales. Besides, buyer or customers will obtain a high switching cost in terms of loyalty result from the MAS superior services performance. Thus, the bargaining power of buyers low to Malaysia Airline.Threat of substituteThreat of substitute is substitute is product or service which can supplant the original products or service. Not only the others airlines, customers also can choose others transportation system such as train, bus and ferries but air travel is more convenient and faster compare with other transportation. Businesses which require a faster and safe journey may choose airline cargo as their transportation.Intensity rivalry among competitorsIn this case, the threat of rivalry is high to the Malaysia Airline. This is because various la rge equally balanced competitors such as Air Asia, Tiger Airway, Singapore Airline and etc are provide almost the similar services. As a result, high rivalry to the MAS because more firms must compete with same customers and resources. Besides, lack of differentiation product is difficult to compete with other firm. Malaysia Airlines (MAS) have successfully differentiated their product as full services carrier and have less rivalry. contest in slow industry growth becomes more intense as firms battle to increase their market shares. The main competitors of MAS are Asian carrier like Singapore Airlines. So MAS intends to reassess the effectiveness of its route network both international and domestic. This involves reviewing the viability of the existing fare structure and routes and the realigning of its aircraft capacity to markets that offer the greatest opportunities. spothttp//www.hicbusiness.org/biz2003proceedings (journal)http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines3.4 SWOT a nalysis based on stakeholder groupsCapital market stakeholdersStrengthsBased on the market stakeholders, MAS have diversified their receiptss stream to avoid uncertainty. It generates revenues from various areas, for example which is deal with freighter flights and aircraft cargo hold (Scribd, n.d.). Moreover, MAS had diversified into related industries such aircraft ground handling, aircraft leasing, aviation engineering, air catering and tour operations. This can lead to MAS to asseverate a consistent growth and give a competitive edge.Next, MAS had improving in yield which can be defined as the revenue per revenue passenger kilometer (RRPK). There are two significant projects which are the Route Profitability Project (RPP) and the Revenue Enhancement Project (REP) had been implemented by MAS in order to increase their revenue (Datamonitor, 2008). Regardless of minor decrease in load factors, the yield had more improvement as compared to the compensated for the decreases of load factor. This had shown that the Revenue per Available Seat Kilometer (RASK) has also increased by 14 per cent (Datamonitor, 2008). As a result, there is an evidence shown that a strong increase in the profit and the efficiency of MAS.WeaknessesBesides, MAS was reporting negative cash flow from the operations in their company over the past couple of years. In 2005, the negative cash flow of MAS was about $ 157.2 million (Datamonitor, 2008). However, in the fiscal year of 2006, MAS had reported net cash outflows of estimated $ 41.6 million from their operating activities (Datamonitor, 2008). This affect MAS financial health as the cash flow continuous is negative. The negative cash flow will also tightened the cash resources and limit the liquidity of cash for works capital needs.While many businesses were go through many red inkes and difficulties in the related industries, MAS still using a huge amount of capital to run its business effectively for providing an justice services f or their customer (Scribd, n.d.). Consequently, the risk that incurred by MAS in the future is very high and the possibility for MAS to having a loss will be increase.Product market stakeholdersWeaknessesEven though MAS had its humble beginning in the golden age of travel but this airline will still having some weaknesses in their business. MAS as a 5 star international airline needed higher cost for the maintenance and convenience (Scribd, n.d.). Therefore, customers purchase will be affected due to the effect in the real cost of airline tickets. This can lead to MAS only focus on the market with high income. However, there is not many people can effort to pay for the cost for flying to other country because of this higher price in airline tickets.OpportunitiesMAS had the chances to introduce a new concept of flying with MAS due to the customers different needs and desires in the term of buying (Scribd, n.d.). The different needs and desires of customers are because of the several factors such as demographic, geographic and psychographic factor. Thus, customers are human beings which can be easily to have a change in their life. For example, MAS had introduce vehement meal boxes which offer several favorites such as nasi lemak and nasi goreng kampong to respond the preferences of customer while they are continuing to optimize the aircraft utilization in line (Scribd, n.d.).Furthermore, MAS had been approved to launch lightning bug which was a new low-cost community in the March of 2007 (Datamonitor, 2008). MAS as a parent airline for Firefly allowed Firefly to take over its B737-411s to serve more primarily secondary airports in the country and also within the Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (Emmanuel, 2010). Thus, MAS can regain their market share which had lost in the recent years on local and regional routes as compared to its low-cost competitors like Air Asia. This is a chance for MAS to font at returning to a path of growth.Also, MAS has a very strong existence in the Asia. It can cover many regional destinations and various destinations in the country like China, Japan, India and the Middle East where there are higher in demand for air travel (Datamonitor, 2008). The increased in the demand for air travel will drive MAS to emerging in the Asian country like China and India (Datamonitor, 2008). Therefore, the revenues earn by MAS from the Asian region will increased.ThreatsThere are some negative elements from the outside of the organization which will affect MAS in the aviation industry. Jet fuel is an important portion of the operating intake of all airlines. The increasing in the price of jet fuel will affect the bottom lines of most of the airlines in the world. MAS are also included due to the sharply increased in the price of jet fuel (Datamonitor, 2008). As a result, the margins of MAS will come under pressure.Organizational market stakeholdersStrengthsMAS have provided several strengths based on the organi zational market stakeholders that reflect companys competencies and capabilities of their core business in the aviation industry. MAS have established a strong brand paradigm which is being highly recognized in the local market and the international market (Miller, 2010). In order to build a strong brand image, MAS had provides excellence services to all of their customers around the globe. With the excellence services provided by MAS, it had won the Staff Service Excellence for Asia award. In the year of 2010, MAS was known as the victor of the Worlds Best Economy Class Award at the 2010 World Airline Awards (Miller, 2010).In addition, MAS have a strong and better designed in their organizational structure. Their way team is talented and plays the significant responsibility in planning and controlling their action in the service system in order to carry out the excellence brand experience (Scribd, n.d.). Management teams of MAS always have their own strategy to overcome the diffi culties and losses. Besides, they also can make sure that they have the ability to improve their service quality.WeaknessesThe poor management and inefficiency of the management team and network are the weakness to the MAS organizational market stakeholders. Some employees tend to read from the newspapers, media and rumors from their friends when MAS had incurred billions of losses in 2005 (Lian, 2010). The staff of MAS were discussed the issue in the closed room. It is not a healthy environment for MAS because the level of trust and confident between the management and employees are very low.OpportunitiesMoreover, technology developments had led the MAS Company to effectively manage their knowledge in management. As a result, MAS employees will gain rapid tuition and greater intelligence that will lead to the generation and sustenance of competitive advantage (Foon Eurn, 2009). Besides, the advancement in technology can replace several unforesightful legacy accounting system and thus it help MAS to enhance their quality and relevance information for management in making decision and important step-down in manpower (Foon Eurn, 2009).

The Operational Strategy for Gap Inc

The Operational St stepgy for scatter IncIt is clear in the market that as an organization jailbreak is struggling. Pro totability, changing client take aims and tastes and increased global competition has affected our surgery. The Gap North America division for instance, has not posted an annual increase in gross revenue at stores open at least a year since 2004. In 2009, sales were $3.82 billion, down almost one-third from where they were in 2004, Clifford (2011). At least iv diverges at CEO level keep occurred, and as the new CEO, the need to de vergeine and apparatus an efficacious operational schema is of paramount importance.The objective of this manifestation is to obtain board approval on the proposed Operational strategy for Gap and any possible deviates to the recomm endations and conclusions drawn by the exe screwive team.The methodology adopted touch on reviewing the spotless personal line of credit operations of Gap and that of its leading competitors (e specially Zara). This involved utilise secondary data from the case study, internet searches on trends and developments in the global look industry and that of the company.In the development of this operational schema it was important to note that, the operational strategy is sub servant to the broad corporate strategy and using the Porters (1985) value chain analysis. This according to Heizer and rescue (2011) uses identified activities that represent strengths or potential strengths and maybe opportunities for developing competitive good. It essential be noted early, however, that an choice perspective exist that the use of resource view approach. Using the resource view approach agent that Gaps effectiveness is predicated by determining the optimum fit for the firms resources in the dynamic environment as noted by Heizer and Render (2011). A hybrid response and differentiation strategy shall be adopted as apposed to the traditional cost leadership strategy within Gap. Our focus and competitive advantage as an organisation has thus shifted from just become cheaper to becoming reform and faster. This means that we be aligning to adjustments in client needs, increasing global combat and a dynamic business environment. (A justification for this strategy is provided for in annexure 1 of this report).The CSFs necessary to ensure the success of the operational strategy included, effective communication, internal marketing, change management and while communication was found to be the most apostrophize of implementing changes to ensure that successful exe thinion of the operational strategy was determined as..The recommendations put forward to the board included the need to adopt the operational strategy in line with understanding that radical change is a prerequisite. Critical Success Factors to include, internal marketing of the operational strategy, scoreing a performance culture, ensuring effective communication and putting in place a reward-syste ms that be linked to performance ar a mustiness.Table of Contents Page1.0 contrive of goods2.0 branch and Capacity Design3.0 Location Selection4.0 Layout design5.0 Supply Chain Management6.0 Inventory Management7.0 Scheduling8.0 Conclusion and RecommendationsList of ReferencesAnnexures1.0 Design of goods2.0 attend to and Capacity Design3.0 Location Selection4.0 Layout design5.0 Supply Chain ManagementHanna and Newman (2002) define SCM as the configurations, coordination and repairments of a sequentially related set of operations. It is the fruit from operations referred to by Hanna and Newman (2002) that customers get, and therefore, the strategic emphasis of well-managed interpret chain is to put one across a competitive advantage driven primarily by strong customer focus. Heizer and Render (2011) define SCM as the management of activities that procure materials and services, transform them into intermediate goods and final products and deliver them through a distribution system. The authors believe that in todays business competition is not between companies but rather fork up chains. This means that if internal operations at Gap can be improved to pass by that of competition it bequeath give our organisation a competitive advantage.This section of the report volition focus on how Gap can change its race with suppliers and distributors and most importantly an evaluation of managing our purchasing and outsourcing activities in line with increased competitive activity. In reviewing the above the objective it to build a chain of suppliers that focuses on maximising value to the ultimate customer Heizer and Render (2011). The major challenge within Gap has been our inability to control and determine what is to be made and what is to be purchased effectively. As we maximise value along the chain we will be able to ensure that we improve on quality, delivery and innovation.Our global presences demands that the review of the supply chain be linked closely to the overall strategy of the business. In other words this means that the operational strategy must link posterior to the broad corporate strategy for GAP. Key aspects of this the broad corporate strategy and operational strategy is driven primarily be the need to increase battle through product customisation, high quality, cost reductions and speed to market with the added emphasis being on the supply chain Heizer and Render (2011). Refer to the corporate strategy in . It is proposed that a new integrated supply chain be adopted with Gap. This means that, having fewer suppliers and building on a centralised manufacturing. The advantages will be cutting down on unnecessary be by suppliers while building on a pool of highly effective supplier base that is aligned to the firms overall vision and direction. Zara continues to use vertical integration as a method to build on expanding its supply chain. The Japanese, method of Keirestu would turn over well as we combine both few suppliers and vertical integration.Whilst our traditional many-supplier strategy worked in the past suppliers were responsible for maintaining the technologies and expertise, costs and quality controls the surge in competitive activity especially form Zara has shown that centralised and or few supplier strategy whole works better. The need to focus on controlling supply and building on technological advantages is an imperative to the success in the industry. It will be necessary as few suppliers will economic aid on improve ancestry management as we move closer to the implementation of a JIT system. These few suppliers will be asked to participate in the design of goods by dowery in the partnering in question and development initiatives to include, provide design innovations, input on changing customers tastes and needs and technological expertises.Review of existing Suppliers our focus is to cut down on scatter and immense number of suppliers and thus focus on building de pendable close yet very few suppliers with long-run strategic relationships Heizer and Render (2011) Because of the shift in focus of our broad strategy (differentiation) it means that the selection of our suppliers inevitably has to change. This change however is radical demanding that our lower end suppliers that are not cost effective and do not go the changing requirements set by the organisation must be immediately cut out.Whilst the medium to long-term aspect of our strategy demands that we build a centralised manufacturing. This means that, existing risk associated with the environment (customs duties, tariffs, security screening, natural disasters, currency fluctuations, terrorists attacks and policy-making issues), controls (management metrics and reliable secure communication for financial transactions product designs, and logistics computer programing) and run performance (raw material and component availability, quality and logistics) need to be considered, Heizer a nd Render (2011). Ongoing reviews of competitors centralised manufacturing performance will continue in line with building on the above necessary changes to ensure that risks identified can be mitigated.Heizer and Render (2011) proposes that while changes in the supply chain management happens differently in different organisation its success will depend on the building mutual agreement of goals, trust and compatible organisational culture. These are discussed in the conclusion section of the report.Fisher (1997) offers insight on how supply chain decisions affect strategy. Because Gap desires to use a hybrid strategy various aspects of Fishers input are critical to the success of the organisation. Our Supplier goals will equate to those of Benetton and that is to share market research jointly and develop products and options. Our Primary selection criteria however will select primarily for capacity, speed and flexibility. Gap would need to invest aggressively to reduce ware lead t ime while use product design that lead to low setup time and rapid production ramp-up.6.0 Inventory Management in effect(p) supply chain management that is aligned to both a well-structured operational and corporate strategy has ensured that Zara remains highly profitable. It has also meant that it (Zara) can continue to build on its in-house production and inventory management systems. Backed by advanced technologies and inventory optimisation models Zara has been able to improve on its efficacy. To this end, Zara has a failure rate of 1% compared to the industry of 10%. The experiences that we have faced as an organisation in managing inventory has greatly performance because our 10% error rate in our clothing collection is very high and makes us very uncompetitive.In-part our many-supplier strategy is to be the cause of theses failures while in turn the fact that suppliers are many, makes the manipulation and processing of inventory very difficult from inbound logistics of raw m aterial inventory to delivery of finished goods inventory. Two categories of inventory posses the biggest threat to our organisation and are a major concern. These are the management of raw material inventory and finished goods inventory. It is key to note that in line with changes in supply change, a review of our customer satisfaction (refer to Goods and service design ) suppliers, production schedules and human resource planning are key in achieving success in inventory management as noted by Heizer and Render (2011).Poor record keeping of inventory has also been a major problem this has been caused by the huge air of unsold items returned from own store sell chains in exchange of in-season stocks. While the existing many-supplier strategy has also increased stock and storage warehouse as lead times for stocks continue to negatively affect stock holding levels and record keeping. This also in turn increases holding stock costs and insurance charges while our competitors especi ally Zara centralised distribution warehouses hold stock for only 72 hours. A very effective and simple system to implement in store is a two -bin system. It is the view of the executive that going back to basics in inventory control will play a critical role in ensuring that we succeed in tracking and monitoring stock movement for the group. If is difficult to worry about more scientific approaches such(prenominal) as probabilistic models when the major challenge is that we have excess stock of clothing lines that have not been sold. Art Peck the former CE for Gap the Northern American rightfully notes Unless we put cute clothes in front of our customer on the shelfeverything else we do isnt going to matter.7.0 Scheduling undertake manufacturing has created major challenges for our organisation in the past, as lead times have been long, late deliveries and prevention of out-of stock situations become an on going exercise. Lessons from the industry have shown the need to restructu re our programming in line with proposed changes in supply chain and inventory management. According to Heizer and Render (2011), the scheduling decision addresses the problem of unified productivity to fluctuating demands. It is however important to note that different processes suggest different approaches to scheduling. Based on our selected strategy and the position taken by our competitors such as Zara and HM, it is important that we build on process focused facilities in the medium to long term period as we seek to centralise our operations. This means that we generate a forward-looking schedule, where MRP generates due dates that are refined with finite capacity scheduling techniques as noted by Heizer and Render (2011).Automated scheduling systems will be put in place with trained and competent force play. This is necessary to ensure that accurate and relevant production database is maintained throughout the entire organisation. Therefore in the first few months of operati onalising the CE and Operations Director will review item master file, routing file, work-centre master file to ensure that scheduling is down to satisfactory standards (something that my predecessors failed to effectively manage). In own store retail structures Gap will employ a strategy current used by Zara to effectively manage staff. This method involves cyclical scheduling as it has been proven to reduce man-hours and increase staff motivation. Software to perform scheduled staff establish on stores forecasted sales volumes with location staffing even during peak periods has been identified and been purchased to achieve the above requirement of cyclical scheduling at own store retail locations.Feasible and efficient schedules of production must be developed, the demands of human resources and facilities must be determined and controlled Heizer and Render (2011).8.0 Conclusion and RecommendationsThe above analysis has clearly shown that change is eminent within the organisation. It is important to note that this change is radical and has to be implemented immediately. The criticality of the operation strategy (like all other major programs such as the balanced score card) demands that executives are tasked with specific duties and responsibility to ensure its success. To this end, executive management must ensure that operational decisions assigned to them be incorporate and communicated effectively among all operational structures and divisions (a schedule for the critical implementation has been shown below). The major concern from a marketing perspective is our failure to provide customers with products that clearly meet their specific needs and or tastes. The ever-changing business environment and increased competitiveness globally has also worked against the firm. However, from a purely operational perspective this has meant that we need to change our operating model and ensure that it is aligned to the broad corporate strategy. In this regard the mo st effective strategy will be a hybrid response and differentiation strategy. This strategy will be different to the traditional cost leadership strategy within Gap. Our focus and competitive advantage as an organisation has thus shifted from just become cheaper to becoming better and faster. This means that we are aligning to changes in customer needs, increasing global competitiveness and a dynamic business environment.Key aspects of differentiation that will be incorporated are innovative design and a shopping experience unmatchable to competition whilst the response aspect of our strategy will ensure flexible manufacturing reliability in our inventory, supply chain and scheduling structures and quickness in process design (as this will now be a lean structure).Key Operations DecisionMajor activities to be conductedResponsibilityDue DateDesign of GoodsProcess and capacity designLocation SelectionLayout designSupply Chain ManagementInventory ManagementSchedulingThe success of the Operational Strategy will not solely be based on its adoption and approval by the board but also by the need and recognition that it has to be implemented. However, implementation will also involve change, Burnes (2004), effective communication, Thill and Bovee (2001), internal marketing, Keegan (2001) and redefinition of reward systems and performance culture, Hitt, Black and Porter (2004). These critical success factors will help build on trust, ownership, teamwork and transparency while ensuring the successful implementation of the Operational Strategy.8.1 Performance cultureReid (2005), sums up a performance culture that Gap must adopt to achieve a credible performance learning system these areOpenness and trust candor must be encouraged and managers have to be willing to speak the unspeakable. Trust produces an environment where there is less defensiveness when issues are raised people react more honestly and ask questions.Managed differences conflicts are addressed and unful filled commitments exposed, options and alternatives are looked at without predetermined outcomes.Simplicity and focus there is focus on implementation, with clarity and precision defining what needs to be accomplished and how. There is commitment at every level to remove complexity from the way of doing business.Playing to peoples strengths leaders know their people and match effectively talent and task, as they understand their peoples strengths and how best to elicit them.8.2 Internal marketingInternal marketing must become part of the on-going process within Gap. This will involve functional process alignment, motivation and passment of employees at all levels to consistently deliver and satisfy customer experience. Internal marketing must empower employees and give them accountability and responsibility because it helps non-marketing staff to learn and be able to perform their tasks in a marketing-like manner. For the internal marketing to be effective, employees must ascribe the core values of the organisation. Sponsors can print t-shirts, caps and merchandise to give employees to wear every Friday so that they remember the importance of the project.8.3 Reward systemsTo address motivation and morale within Gap there is need to initial review the existing reward and performance bonus scheme. The traditional approach of linking this to bottom line heavily undermines long term sustainability of the organization, as managers and employees race to meet brand. Having worked in operations, the risk is made high as we near the festive season sales personnel dump long shelf life products on customers (on the basis that they will be in critical short supply) so as to meet targets. This works well until two months down the line, customers either refuse to replenish orders and or return product because it is nearing expiration. These losses are usually only accounted for way later on the productivity bonuses have been paid out and annual accounts drawn. Whilst it is important to inform or remind employees what results are desired and motivate them to achieve and exceed the performance targets, the performance learning system (balance score card will help address ensure this is done with great transparency). To achieve the above, sponsors through the HR department must ensureDrafting job description based on process requirements and characteristicsTranslating process goals and action plans, personal training and development requirements into personal performance measures.Defining appropriate performance targets based on known capability and desired characteristics.Formally appraising performance against the range of measures developed and compare with target performance.Rewarding and recognizing superior performance.A balance must be struck in selection of reward system mix for both long term and short term success of Gap. Thus, in the short-term, rewards such as bonuses, commissions and piece-rate payments can be used long-term rewards can constitute stock based incentives i.e. stock options, stock appreciation rights and phantom stock plans.8.4 Change ManagementHaving internally marketed the adoption of the Balanced Scorecard as a PMM system, performance measure owners, must manage the change process. The change being implemented in Gap is planned as it is being consciously embarked upon, Burnes (2006).Stages of the planned change will intend exploration, planning, action and integration. During each stage identified above it will be necessary for performance measure owners to involve employees for the change process to be successful. The change process reinforces behaviors that are aligned to Gaps objectives through feedback and full utilization of the reward system being created.However, in the implementation of the balance scorecard and in effecting change as a critical success factor to the entire project barriers might impede the successful execution of the project. According to Burnes (2006) the barriers to effective change programs are competing resources, functional boundaries, change management skills, communication, Them and us- the opposition element, people needs and training, unrealistic timetables, resistance to change and initiative fatigueThese factors can occur at any stage and can affect employees both the general labour force and even managers and the executive. To overcoming these barriers, Burnes (2006) proposes communication, ability to establish high trust relationships, negotiation, Influencing and build on self confidence.